This article proposes, as test cases, three TV documentaries that underwent economic censorship in Israeli media in 2001–2014. A brief reference item list on the procedure for conducting primaries in Israel is provided. The real power of elected, accountable bodies in Israel is significantly more restricted – while the authority enjoyed by a self-perpetuating court system, public media, and governmental bureaucracy is noticeably greater – than in most old democracies. This state of affairs can be explained by considerations of a general nature (e.g., universal suffrage makes voters gradually swing toward the Left) and by factors of local origin. A study of these positions yields evidence of greater consistency in Leftist party positions in Israel, along with rightist parties’ extremely limited ability to keep their promises. Rightist parties' positions are less stable and less consistent than those of the Left. The paper provides a formal classification of leftist and rightist parties to test the following hypotheses. The list includes items such as judicial (legal system) reform, the status of Judea and Samaria, the 2nd amendment right to self-defense, questions of taxation and spending, and others. The list of issues was compiled based on the authors’ choice and understanding of the political and social conditions prevalent in the country today. The present paper provides a short review of leading Israeli parties' positions on key issues. The overall stability of the institution, however, is linked to the enduring linkages of the three core ideas even as they experienced changes in their individual meanings. Small adaptive changes in the institution of ethnic democracy are traced back to changes in the balance between three core ideas: democracy, Jewish identity, and security. The theory is demonstrated using the case of the surprising stability of ethnic democracy in Israel in the wake of the substantial changes to the country’s economic and security realities. Changes to the ideational network lead to adaptive changes in institutions, but the difficulty in completely removing core ideas from these networks protects the institutions from substantial change. These core ideas create the framework on which institutions are built and in which form they are fashioned. How can we understand the "age of extremes" (1914 to 1945) from a present - our present day in the west - that is in general terms allergic to "ideology" and convinced that "there is no alternative"? What happens when an anodyne and self-satisfied liberalism projects its values back into an era of intense political struggle? - Adam Tooze * Guardian * In tracing the historical origins and logic of this civil war, Traverso offers a powerful indictment of how the collective memory of it emerged over time in ways that are still felt today.This work expands on the growing ideational institutionalist literature by proposing that institutional change and stability are influenced most substantially by changes to the underlying ideational network which link core societal ideas. Al Richardson * Revolutionary History * Enzo Traverso's provocative book poses a profoundly important question to modern history. cannot be neglected by anyone with the temerity to approach the subject in future. Shelley Baranowski, University of Akron his book. Saul Friedlander One must admire Traverso's ambitious synthesis of theory and recent scholarship. It is an important book that deserved vast and interesting debates. Rejecting commonplace notions of "totalitarian evil," he rediscovers the feelings and reinterprets the ideas of an age of intellectual and political commitment when Europe shaped world history with its own collapse.Įnzo Traverso's investigation is based on a brilliant-although controversial-idea. Utilizing multiple sources, Enzo Traverso depicts the dialectic of this era of wars, revolutions and genocides. It was a time of both unchained passions and industrial, rationalized massacre. During these three decades of deepening conflicts, a classical interstate conflict morphed into a global civil war, abandoning rules of engagement and fought by irreducible enemies rather than legitimate adversaries, each seeking the annihilation of its opponents. It opened with conventional declarations of war and finished with "unconditional surrender." Proclamations of national unity led to eventual devastation, with entire countries torn to pieces. Its overture was played out in the trenches of the Great War its coda on a ruined continent. Fire and Blood looks at the European crisis of the two world wars as a single historical sequence: the age of the European Civil War (1914-1945).
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